|
The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377, during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, and now in today's France) rather than in Rome.〔''The Avignon Papacy'', P.N.R. Zutshi, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300-c. 1415, Vol. VI, Ed. Michael Jones, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 653.〕 This situation arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown. Following the strife between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII, and the death of his successor Benedict XI after only eight months in office, a deadlocked conclave finally elected Clement V, a Frenchman, as Pope in 1305. Clement declined to move to Rome, remaining in France, and in 1309 moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. This absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy".〔Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason and Hugh S. Pyper, ''The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought'', (Oxford University Press, 2000), 227.〕〔( Catholic Encyclopaedia entry ) para 7〕 A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon; all were French,〔Joseph F. Kelly, ''The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History'', (Liturgical Press, 2009), 104.〕〔Eamon Duffy, ''Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes'', (Yale University Press, 1997), 165.〕 and they increasingly fell under the influence of the French Crown. Finally, on September 13, 1376, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome (arriving on January 17, 1377), officially ending the Avignon Papacy. Despite this return, following Gregory's death on March 27, 1378, the breakdown in relations between the cardinals and Gregory's successor, Urban VI, gave rise to the Western Schism. This started a second line of Avignon popes, now regarded as illegitimate and known as antipopes. The second and final Avignon antipope, Benedict XIII, lost most of his support in 1398, including that of France; following five years of siege by the French, he fled to Perpignan on March 11, 1403. The schism ended in 1417 at the Council of Constance, after only two popes had reigned in opposition to the Papacy in Rome. 〔The History of the Council of Constance, page 403, Stephen Whatley, Jacques Lenfant, published by A. Bettesworth, 1730.〕 ==Avignon popes== Among the popes who resided in Avignon, subsequent Catholic historiography grants legitimacy to these: *Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 (curia moved to Avignon March 9, 1309) *Pope John XXII: 1316–1334 *Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342 *Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352 *Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362 *Pope Urban V: 1362–1370 (in Rome 1367-1370; returned to Avignon 1370) *Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378 (left Avignon to return to Rome on September 13, 1376) The two Avignon-based antipopes were: *Clement VII: 1378–1394 *Benedict XIII: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403) Benedict XIII was succeeded by three antipopes, who had little or no public following, and were not resident at Avignon: *Clement VIII: 1423–1429 (recognized in the Crown of Aragon; abdicated) *Benedict XIV (Bernard Garnier): 1424–1429 or 1430 *Benedict XIV (Jean Carrier): 1430?–1437 The period from 1378 to 1417, when there were rival claimants to the title of pope, is referred to as the "Western Schism" or "the great controversy of the antipopes" by some Roman Catholic scholars and "the second great schism" by many secular and Protestant historians. Parties within the Roman Church were divided in their allegiance among the various claimants to the office of pope. The Council of Constance finally resolved the controversy in 1417 when the election of Pope Martin V was accepted by all. Avignon and the small enclave to the east (''Comtat Venaissin'') remained part of the Papal States until the French Revolution, at which time they became part of the French Republic in 1791.〔P. M. Jones, ''Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774-1791'', (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 13.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Avignon Papacy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|